Milestones in the History of the Black Sea Oceanography
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
ანოტაცია
In this paper the main stages in the history of the Black Sea oceanography are briefly described from the middle ages to the present. It is shown that modern knowledge on the Black Sea and our understanding of hydrophysical and biochemical processes of this unique sea basin is reached as a result of hard research activity of a lot of researcher-oceanographers during last centuries. Significant attention is paid to the modern operative oceanography using modern data-computing technologies and satellite remote sensing methods.
Article Details
წყაროები
Beradze Sh. A role of the Black Sea in the foreign-trade relations of Georgia (historical overview). Proceed. of the 2nd International Silk Road Symposium “BSEC Studies”, 6, 7 May, 2005, Tbilisi, Georgia, pp.71 -75.
Alasania G. The Black Sea. Proceed. of the 2nd International Silk Road Symposium “BSEC Studies”, 6, 7 May, 2005, Tbilisi, Georgia, pp.39-43.
Dimitrov P., Dimitrov D. Black Sea, flood and ancient myths. Varna, Slavena, 2008, 90 p, (in Russian).
Grishin M. G., Sizov A. A. Black Sea depth-measuring expedition (1890-1891). Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones and Comprehensive use of Shelf Resources. Collected scientific papers, Sevastopol, 2011, Iss. 25, vol. 2, pp. 444-450, (in Russian).
Strabon. Geografiya. Moskva, Nauchno-izdatelskii Centr “Ladimir”, 1994. 943 p (in Russian. http://naturalhistoryl.narod.ru/Person/Lib/Strabon/Index.htm.
Flavius Arrianus. Mogzauroba shavi zgvis garshemo (Periplus Pontou Euxeinus), Tbilisi, 1961 (in Georgian).
Soffientino B., Pilson M. E. Q. The Bosporus Strait. A special place in the history of oceanography, vol. 18, № 2, pp.17-23.
Pinardi N., Moroni F., Ozsoy E., Marsili’s first scientific ceanographic cruise (1679-1680) and exposition of Bosphorus density currents. http://linux-server.ims.metu.edu.tr/index. php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20&Itemid=35 .
Ozsoy E., Pinardi N., Moroni F. Marseli’s current measurements in the Bosphorus. http://linux-server.ims.metu.edu.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id =19&Itemid=34.
Ozsoy E., Pinardi N., Moroni F. A. Scientific biography of Luigi Ferdinando Marsili. http://linux-server.ims.metu.edu.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id =16&Itemid=31.
Ozsoy E., Sozer A., Gurses O., Tutsak E., Gunduz M., Sannino G. The leading role of the Turkish Straits system in ocean science and the environmental degradation imposed on unique Natural-Cultural Heritage by Canal Istanbul. https://www.academia.edu/19447211/ The_Leading_Role_of_the_Turkish_StraitsSystem_in_Ocean_Science_and_the_Environmental_Degradation_Imposed_on_Unique_Natural-Cultural_Heritage_by- Canal_%C4%B0stanbul.
Ivanov V. A., Kosarev A. N., Tutzilkin V. S. To history of expeditionary oceanographic studies in the Black Sea. Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones and Comprehensive use of Shelf Resources. Collected scientific papers, Sevastopol, 2004, Iss.10, pp. 9-16 (in Russian).
Fillipov D. M. Circulation and structure of waters of the Black Sea. Moskva, Nauka, 1968, 132 p (in Russian).
Hydrometeorology and Gydrochemistry of the USSR seas. t. IV, the Black Sea. Iss.1 (Eds. A. I. Simonov, E. M. Altman), Sankt-Peterburg, Gidrometeoizdat, 1991, 428 p (in Russian).
Makarov S. O. On the exchange of waters of the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Oceanograficheskie raboty, Moskva, Gidrometeoizdat, 1990, pp.31-93 (in Russian).
Ignatiev C. M. Amazing sea body. Priroda, 2001, № 5, pp. 92-96 (in Russian).
Grishin M. G. Research of physical properties of the Black Sea in 1920-1930. Short review. Ecological Safety of Coastal and Shelf Zones and Comprehensive use of Shelf Resources. Collected scientific papers, Sevastopol, 2011, Iss.25, vol.2, pp.435-443 (in Russian).
Vodyanitskiy B. A. The main water exchange and the history of formation of the salinity of the Black Sea. Procced. of Sevastopol biological station. 1948, t. 6, pp.386-432 (in Russian).
Zubov N. N. Domestic seafarers - researchers of the seas and oceans. Moskva, 1965, 474 c., (in Russian).
Arkhangelskiy A. D., Strakhov N. M. Geological structure and development of the history of the Black Sea. Leningrad, AN CCCR Press, 1938, 149 p (in Russian).
Shokalskiy Yu. M. Earthquake of September 12, 1927, Priroda, Moskva, 2006, № 9, pp.67-70 (in Russian).
Pakhotnic A. F. A brief history of expeditionary researches in physical oceanology in the USSR. Moskva, Hayka, 1970, pp. 75-155 (in Russian).
Knipovich N. M. Hydrological studies in the Black Sea. Proceed. of Azov-Black Sea research fishery expedition, 1932, issue 10, 272 p (in Russian).
Shuleikin V. V. Physics of the Sea. Moskva, Nauka, 1968, 1083 p.
Leonov A. K. Regional oceanography. Part 1. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1960, 765 p (in Russian).
Blatov A. S., Bulgakov N. P., Ivanov A. N., Kosarev V. S., Tutzilkin V. S. Variability of hydrophysical fields of the Black Sea. Leningrad, 1984, 240 p (in Russian).
Black Sea. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1983, 240 p (in Russian)
Kara A. B., Hurlburt H. E., Wallcraft A. J. Black Sea mixed layer sensitivity to various wind and thermal forcing products on climatological time scales. Journal of climate, 2005, .18, № 24, pp.5266-5293.
Kara A. B., Wallcraft A. J., Hurlburt H. E. Sea surface temperature sensitivity to water turbidity from simulations of the turbid Black Sea using HYCOM. J. Physic. Oceanography, 2005, v.35, №1, pp.33-54.
Kara A. B., Wallcraft A. J., Hurlburt H. E. How does attenuation depth affect the ocean mixed layer? Water turbidity and atmospheric forcing impacts on the simulation of seasonal mixed layer variability in the turbid Black Sea. J. Climate. 2005, v.18, № 2, pp.389-409.
Stanev E., Truhchev D., Roussenov V. The Black Sea circulation and its numerical modeling. Universitetsko izdatelstvo “Kliment Oxridski”, Cofiya, 1988, 220 p (in Russian).
Kordzadze A. A. Mathematical modeling of dynamics of sea currents (Theory, algorithms, numerical experiments), Moskva, 1989, 218 p (in Russian).
Tolmazin D. M., Shnaidman V. A. et al. Problems of dynamics of waters of the north-western part of the Black Sea. Kiev, Naykova dumka, 1969, 130 p (in Russian).
Barishevskaya G. I. Vertical movements of water masses in the Black Sea. Proceed. of BGMO CHAM, 1967, issue 5, pp.3-18 (in Russian).
Gamsakhurdiya G. R. Investigation of three-dimensional circulation of the Black Sea waters by numerical models in the framework of diagnostic model. Moskva, Institute of oceanology of Academy of Science of USSR, 1975, Dep.in VINITI, № 1832-75, 27 p.
Gamsakhurdiya G. R., Sarkisian A. C. Diagnostic calculations of current velocities on 11 horizons for the Black Sea. Okeanologia, 1975, t. 15, № 2, pp. 239-244 (in Russian).
Djioev T. Z., Sarcisian A. C. Prognostic calculations of the currents in the Black Sea. Izv. AN CCCR, Fizika atmosfery i okeana, 1976, t.12, № 2, pp. 217-223 (in Russian).
Sarcisian A. S. Fundamentals of the theory of calculating ocean currents. Leningrad, 1966, 123 p (in Russian).
Djioev T. Z. Investigation of circulation of the Black Sea waters by numerical methods. Dissertation for the degree of candidate of physical and mathematical sciences. Moskva, 142 p (in Russian).
Girgvliani A. G. Numerical study of dependence of hydrological characteristics of the Black Sea on seasonal variability of atmospheric processes. Preprint № 537, Novosibirsk, VC CO AN CCCR, 1984, 13 p (in Russian).
Zalesny V. B., Kordzadze A. A., Girgvliani A. G. Numerical modeling of seasonal variability of hydrothermodynamics of the Black Sea. In: Numerical solution of ocean dynamics problems. Novosibirsk, 1982, pp. 25-36 (in Russian).
Kordzadze A. A.,Girgvliani A. G. Perspectives of use of hydrodynamics models in problems of the Black Sea ecology. In: Materials of Conference “Ecology and regional use of the natural resources of the south region of Ukraine”, Sevastopol, part 3, pp. 449-454 (in Russian).
Marchuk G. I., Kordzadze A. A., Skiba Yu. N. Calculation of main hydrophysical fields of the Black Sea on the bases of a splitting method. Izv. AN CCCR, Fizika atmosfery i okeana, 1975, t.11, № 4, pp. 379-393 (in Russian).
Kordzadze A. A., Skiba Yu. N. About one numerical method of solving two-dimensional baroclinic problem of ocean circulation. VTs CO AN CCCR, Novosibirsk, 1972, pp.98-122 (in Russian).
Marchuk G. I., Kordzadze A. A., Zalesny V. B. A Problem of mathematical modeling of sea and ocean currents. In: Differential and Integral equations, Tbilisi, 1979, pp. 99-151(in Russian).
Marchuk G. I., Kordzadze A. A. Numerical modeling of sea dynamics on the basis of splitting method. In: Numerical modeling of climate of the World ocean. OVM AN CCCR, 1986, pp.151-163 (in Russian).
Marchuk G. I. Numerical methods in weather prediction. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1967, 356 p (in Russian).
Marchuk G. I. Numerical solution of the problems of atmosphere and ocean dynamics. Leningrad, Gidrometeizdat, 1974, 303p (in Russian).
Stanev E. V., Rusenov V. Numerical modeling of seasonal variability of sea currents. In: Complex global monitoring of the World ocean. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1985, pp. 120-129 (in Russian).
Girgvliani A. The Coriolis force parameterization in numerical model of the Black Sea dynamics. J. Georgian Geophys. Soc., 1999, v.4b, pp.15-27.
Girgvliani A. Claculation of the effect of the Bosporus Channel on the Black Sea hydropogi. J. Georgian Geophys. Soc., 1999, v.4b, pp.28-39.
Bryan K. A. A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the World ocean. J. Computational Physics. 1969, v.4, № 3, pp. 347-256.
Zatsepin A. G., Baranov V. I., Kondrashov A. A., Korzh A. O., Kremenetskiy V. V., Ostrovskii A. G., Soloviev D. M. Submesoscale eddies at the Caucasus Black Sea shelf and the mechanisms of their generation. Okeanologiya, 2011, v. 51, № 4, pp. 592-605 (in Russian).
Demishev S. G., Dymova O. A. Numerical analysis of mesoscale peculiarities in the coastal zone of the Black Sea. Izvestiya RAN, Fizika atmosfery i okeana, 2013, t.49, № 6, pp.655-663 (in Russian).
Kordzadze A., Demetrashvili D. Numerical modeling of inner-annual variability of the hydrological regime of the Black Sea with taking into account of alternation of different types of the wind above its surface. Proceed. of Intern. Conference: A year after Johqanesburg-Ocean Governance and Sustainable Development: Ocean and Coasts – a Glimpse into the Future. Kiev, Ukraine, October 27-30, 2003, pp.495-505.
Kordzadze A. A., Demetrashvili D. I., Surmava A. A. Numerical modeling of hydrophysical fields of the Black Sea under the conditions of alternation of atmospheric circulation processes. Izvestiya RAN, Fizika atmosfery i okeana, 2008, t.44, pp.213-224 (in Russian).
Demetrashvili D. I. Modeling of hydrophysical fields in the Black Sea. J. Georgian Geophys. Soc., 2003, v. 8b, pp.19-27.
Oguz T., Latun V. S., Latif M. A. et al. Circulation in the surface and intermediate layers in the Black Sea. Deep Sea Research, 1993, v.1, №40, pp.1597-1612.
Oguz T., Malanote-Rizzoli P., Aubrey D. Wind and thermohaline circulation of the Black Sea driven by yearly mean climatological forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 1995, v.100, №C4, pp. 6845-6863
Stanev E. V. Understanding Black Sea dynamics: Overview of recent numerical modeling. Oceanography, 2005, v.18, № 2, pp.52-71.
Staneva J. V., Dietrich D. E., Stanev E. V., Bouman M. J. Mesoscale circulation in the Black Sea: New results from DiaCast model simulation. J. Mar. Systems., 2001, v.31, pp.137-157.
Dorofeev V. L., Korotaev G. K. Assimilation of satellite altimetry data in the eddy-resolving model of the Black Sea circulation. Morskoy gidrofisiceskiy zhurnal, 2004, 1, 52-68. (in Russian)
Demishev S. G., Numerical model of operative forecast of the currents in the Black Sea. Izvestiya RAN, Fizika atmosfery i okeana, 2012, t.48, №1, pp.137-149 (in Russian).
Demishev S. G., Korotaev G. K. Numerical modeling of seasonal course of the synoptical changability in the Black Sea. Izvestiya RAN, Fizika atmosfery i okeana, 1996, t.32, № 1, pp.108-116 (in Russian).
Korotaev G. K., Oguz T., Nikiforov A., Koblinsky C. Seasonal, interannual and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res., v. 108, NO. C4, 3122, 2003, doi:10.1029/2002JC001508, pp.19-1 – 19-15.
State of the environment of the Black Sea (2001-2006/7). A report by the Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution. 2008-3, Istanbul, Turkey, 419 p.
Titov V. B. About role of vortexes in the forming of current mode on the shelf of the Black Sea and in ecology of the coastal zone. Okeanologia, 1992, t. 32, № 1, pp.39-48 (in Russian).
Korotaev G. K., Dorofeev V. L., Motyzhev S. L., Belokopytov V.N., Palazov A., Malciu V., Zatsepin A.Z., Nesterov E., Stanichny S. V., Ratner Y.B., Suetin V.S., Suslin V. V. Contribution of the Black Sea observing system to ECOOP. Ocean Sciense Discuss., 8, 1695 1722. 2011, www.ocean-sci-discuss.net/8/1695/2011/, doi:10.5194/osd-8-1695-2011.
Korotaev G. K., Oguz T., Dorofeyev V. L., Demyshev S. G., Kubryakov A. I., Ratner Yu. B. Development of Black Sea nowcasting and forecasting system. Ocean Science, 2011, 7, pp. 629-649. doi:10.5194/os-7-629-2011/.
Kubryakov A. I., Korotaev G. K., Dorofeev V. L., Ratner Y. B., Palazov A., Valchev N.,Malciu V., Matescu R., Oguz T. Black Sea Coastal forecasting system. Ocean Science, 2012, 8, pp.183-196.
Gruzinov V. M., Borisov E. V., Grigoriev A. V. Applied Oceanography. Moskva, 2012, 383 p (in Russian).
Marchuk G. I., Paton B. E., Korotaev G. K., Zalesny V. B. Data – computing technologies: A new stage in the development of operational oceanography. Izvestiya RAN, Fizika atmosfery i okeana, 2013, t.49, № 6, pp.629-642 (in Russian).
Kordzadze A. A., Demetrashvili D. I. Some results of forecast of hydrodynamic processes in the easternmost part of the Black Sea. J. Georgian Geoph. Soc., 2010, 14b, p.37-52.
Kordzadze A. A., Demetrashvili D. I. Operational forecast of hydrophysical fields in the Georgian Black Sea coastal zone within the ECOOP. Ocean Science, 2011, 7, pp.793-803, www.ocean-sci.net/7/793/2011/.
Kordzadze A. A., Demetrashvili D. I., Kukhalashvili V. G. Circulation processes in the easternmost part of the Black Sea in 2011-2012. Results of simulation and forecast. J. Georgian Geoph. Soc.,2011-2012, v.15b, pp.3-12.
Kordzadze A. A., Demetrashvili D. I. Coastal forecasting system for the easternmost part of the Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2012, 12, pp.471-477. www.trjfas.org.
Kordzadze A. A., Demetrashvili D. I. Simulation and forecast of oil spill transport processes in the Georgian Black Sea coastal zone using the regional forecasting system. J. Georgian Geoph. Soc., 2014, v.17b, pp.3-14.
Kordzadze A. A., Demetrashvili D. I. The Black Sea oceanography in the past and at current stage. Tbilisi State University Press, 2017, 187p (in Georgian).